The earth is slowing down due to a gravitational tug of war between the Earth, the moon and the sun. This tug of war is acting as a braking system.
Scientist say it takes our planet 86,400 seconds to spin on its axis one time. That is how much time is in one day. But since 1820, our earth has been taking a little longer to rotate just one time.
They say our spaceship earth has lost a step or two along the lines of..... are you ready for this? 2 milliseconds, or two thousandths of a second. This may not seem like much, but if we don't adjust for this slow down, we could lose a whole second in one year.
So the time has come to correct this. (Pun intended).
On Tuesday June 30th, the day will be a bit longer as scientists add and extra second to the clock (also known as a leap second). This should help keep all our electronics, clocks and schedules on time.
For more info, here's a great article published by NASA. Its a long read but if you're a space geek like me, you'll enjoy it.:
The
day will officially be a bit longer than usual on Tuesday, June 30, 2015,
because an extra second, or “leap” second, will be added.
The
length of day is influenced by many factors, mainly the atmosphere over periods
less than a year. Our seasonal and daily weather variations can affect the
length of day by a few milliseconds over a year. Other contributors to this
variation include dynamics of the Earth’s inner core (over long time periods),
variations in the atmosphere and oceans, groundwater, and ice storage (over time
periods of months to decades), and oceanic and atmospheric tides. Atmospheric
variations due to El Niño can cause Earth’s rotation to slow down, increasing
the length of day by as much as 1 millisecond, or a thousandth of a second.
Scientists
monitor how long it takes Earth to complete a full rotation using an extremely
precise technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). These
measurements are conducted by a worldwide network of stations, with Goddard
providing essential coordination of VLBI, as well as analyzing and archiving the
data collected.
The
time standard called Universal Time 1, or UT1, is based on VLBI measurements of
Earth’s rotation. UT1 isn’t as uniform as the cesium clock, so UT1 and UTC tend
to drift apart. Leap seconds are added, when needed, to keep the two time
standards within 0.9 seconds of each other. The decision to add leap seconds is
made by a unit within the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems
Service.
Typically,
a leap second is inserted either on June 30 or December 31. Normally, the clock
would move from 23:59:59 to 00:00:00 the next day. But with the leap second on
June 30, UTC will move from 23:59:59 to 23:59:60, and then to 00:00:00 on July
1. In practice, many systems are instead turned off for one second.
Previous
leap seconds have created challenges for some computer systems and generated
some calls to abandon them altogether. One reason is that the need to add a leap
second cannot be anticipated far in advance.
“In
the short term, leap seconds are not as predictable as everyone would like,”
said Chopo Ma, a geophysicist at Goddard and a member of the directing board of
the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. “The modeling of
the Earth predicts that more and more leap seconds will be called for in the
long-term, but we can’t say that one will be needed every year.”
From
1972, when leap seconds were first implemented, through 1999, leap seconds were
added at a rate averaging close to one per year. Since then, leap seconds have
become less frequent. This June’s leap second will be only the fourth to be
added since 2000. (Before 1972, adjustments were made in a different way.)
Scientists
don’t know exactly why fewer leap seconds have been needed lately. Sometimes,
sudden geological events, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, can affect
Earth’s rotation in the short-term, but the big picture is more complex.
VLBI
tracks these short- and long-term variations by using global networks of
stations to observe astronomical objects called quasars. The quasars serve as
reference points that are essentially motionless because they are located
billions of light years from Earth. Because the observing stations are spread
out across the globe, the signal from a quasar will take longer to reach some
stations than others. Scientists can use the small differences in arrival time
to determine detailed information about the exact positions of the observing
stations, Earth’s rotation rate, and our planet’s orientation in space.
Current
VLBI measurements are accurate to at least 3 microseconds, or 3 millionths of a
second. A new system is being developed by NASA’s Space Geodesy Project in
coordination with international partners. Through advances in hardware, the
participation of more stations, and a different distribution of stations around
the globe, future VLBI UT1 measurements are expected to have a precision better
than 0.5 microseconds, or 0.5 millionths of a second.
“The
next-generation system is designed to meet the needs of the most demanding
scientific applications now and in the near future,” says Goddard’s Stephen
Merkowitz, the Space Geodesy Project manager.
NASA
manages many activities of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and
Astrometry including day-to-day and long-term operations, coordination and
performance of the global network of VLBI antennas, and coordination of data
analysis. NASA also directly supports the operation of six global VLBI
stations.
Proposals
have been made to abolish the leap second. No decision about this is expected
until late 2015 at the earliest, by the International Telecommunication Union, a
specialized agency of the United Nations that addresses issues in information
and communication technologies.
